Frostbite develops after prolonged exposure to subfreezing temperatures or forceful winds with low temperatures. Blood vessels near the surface of the skin constrict to preserve internal body heat. This reduces the blood supply to the skin. As a result, skin tissue freezes and dies. Skin can also freeze to the surface of a metal object. Health problems that reduce circulation or weaken the body also increase the risk of frostbite.

Never massage or rub frostbitten areas and do not apply any ointments. Treatment varies with the type of frostbite.
* Frostnip (first-degree) : The skin turns white and numb. Burning or itching may occur. The nose, ears, hands, or feet are usually affected. Get out of the cold and gradually rewarm the area.
* Superficial frostbite (second-degree) : The affected area will appear white, waxy, and hard on the surface. The pain disappears. Temporary first aid includes getting out of the cold and warming the area. Soak the area in lukewarm water (100 to 105 degrees F). Avoid dry heat and campfires. Seek immediate emergency care. Blisters and skin peeling may persist for weeks. Do not walk on frostbitten feet.
* Deep frostbite (third-degree) : The skin becomes blotchy or blue and is very hard. Skin tissue dies and swelling may occur. Do not give any first aid or thaw the tissue. Wrap the frozen area in a blanket to prevent bruising. Keep the area elevated on the way to the hospital.

Ways to prevent frostbite:
* Wear adequate clothing to protect the skin. Wear several layers of warm clothing that will block wind, wick moisture from the skin, and maintain body heat.
* Cover your hands, feet, nose, and ears (mittens not gloves, wool socks, neck muffler to cover the nose, hats with ear protection).
* Allow your body time to adjust from a warm climate to a cold one.
* Remain indoors during unusually cold or windy days or keep outside trips short.
* Never consume alcohol before going into the cold or while in it.
* Keep your skin dry. Wet skin freezes faster than dry skin.

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