Meningitis is an infection and swelling of the meninges. The meninges are layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Most cases occur in children under five years, but the disease can strike at any age. The extremely young and old are at highest risk for long term brain damage. Bacteria, a virus, protozoa, yeast, or fungus can cause meningitis.

The disease may begin with a respiratory illness or sore throat. Meningitis can progress very rapidly. The symptoms include:
* neck and back rigidity,
* delirium, and convulsions,
* an elevated temperature,
* light sensitivity, and
* a moderate to severe headache.

In infants, the fontanel may bulge, and the child may have a continuous shrill cry. To reduce the fever and pain, give a non-aspirin medication, such as acetaminophen of ibuprofen. Seek immediate medical care for these symptoms.

Diagnosis will require a lumbar puncture. This is drawing fluid from the spinal column with a needle. The fluid is sent to a laboratory and analyzed. The cause and treatment for the meningitis can be determined. Meningitis requires hospitalization. Meningitis is a very serious illness, best early. Antibiotics have reduced mortality and the incidence of complications such as brain damage and paralysis.

The causes of meningitis depend upon the age and medical condition of a person. A major cause of meningitis in children is Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB). Vaccination at 2, 4 and 6 months of age are recommended to prevent this type of meningitis.

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